Friday, December 27, 2019

Hitler Youth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1178 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Adolf Hitler Essay Did you like this example? The Hitler Youth helped hitler in so many ways because they they had to do things soldiers at war could not do like the boys ( teenagers ) had to have babies with a pure german so the generation would keep on going and the girls had to take care of those kids and know to be good wives. The role of the german youth from 1933 to 1945 was significant because they had to follow many rules that hitler created and the girls had to be good wives and mothers, the boys were trained to be soldiers, and togheter they taught the belief of the nazy party in order to keep the idea of a Pure German/Aryan Race.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hitler Youth" essay for you Create order Girls marrying a pure german was mainly their goal so that they would be able to have kids. Girls who had more than 8 kids received a gold medal given personally by Hitler. According to notebook information 12/14/18 it says,† the government gave money to couples who would get married so they would have more than 5 kids if the women had more than 8 they would get a gold medal personally by Hitler†. This shows that Hitler wanted the pure german girls to have as much babies as possible. They gave up on jobs to have babies and be beautiful. According to the information in notebook it says that,† women gave up on jobs and were called the 3 c’s which meant â€Å" church, cooking, children† they had a â€Å" mission of women is to be beautiful and bring children into the world†. This shows that hitler made them quit their jobs for them to be good wives and only have babies which was something the had to do in order to not be killed. Girls were trained to be prepared for Motherhood. According to League Of German Girls 12/06/18 it says that â€Å"Girls in the BDM received what would have been perceived then as the traditional training and education they would have needed to be good wives and mothers. A great deal of what they did was geared towards this. However, the older girls also received training for some jobs.†. This shows that they were trained for it and not only they were paid but they were teached so they would already have an idea of how to take care of them and not be a mother who didnt know anything about and would have durty kids. Girls and boys were trained more about nazys than what they had to be teached and were in school most of the time. According to Nazy Education 12/13/18 it says, â€Å" many attended class during school holiday in which the nazy curriculum was spelled out by 97% of all the teachers that joined the nazi†. This shows that most of the time they were in school and never really had a break to not be in school or about to learn about nazis and teacher had to be careful on what they would say or hitler could punish them. The education nazis got was so nazis would be loyal nazis when they grew up. According to nazy education 12/13/18 it states that ,†The Nazis were aware that education would create loyal Nazis by the time they reached adulthood.† this shows that nazi did not want any unloyal people in nazi germany and only wanted loyal nazis. Biology was not the same it was more about only them about how hitler was creating the hitler youth and not about outside life or na ture it mostly on why they should follow nazi germany. According to nazy education 12/14/18 it says that, â€Å"Biology became a study of the different races to ‘prove’ that the Nazi belief in racial superiority was a sound belief†. This shows that they changed what they supposed to learn and history also changed like they had a subject which was mainly of how nazi were going to succeed and about their weapons and those things. People in the nazi population required to be loyal nazis. They mandatory had to be loyal nazis. It became mandatory for every person to be loyal nazis and to work for hitler. This shows that they show them how to be loyal nazis in school but also it was mandatory for them to become loyal nazis and work for hitler which had around 7 procedures to follow and didnt helped them at all to learn new things but hitler still wanted them to do it. According to How Hitler Youth Turned a Generation of Kids Into nazis, â€Å"The boy scott was harrased and then attacked by a group of nazis. In an attempt to force him to join, one of the members stabbed him to join, one of the members stabbed him on the hand but scott fought back and cut one of the boys face off†. This shows that german people really wanted jews to become nazis before they had to kill them because hitler demanded if they dont want to join. All girls aged 10 14 were determined to go to groups if not they would get punished . They were not only change into 2 groups cause of their age but had to do a lot of things that hitler demanded. In 1930, the implementation of the law on the hitler youth, became mandatory for all girls aged 10 14 to be in the young girls league and girls 14 18 to be in the german girls league following certain things like doing combat training ,physical fitness ,take an oath to serve hitler, and many things like that if not do so they would get punished. Hitler gave a lot of rules and a set of them were the Nuremberg law which he new would help him get rid of the jews easily. Took away german citizenship from all full jews. The law took away german citizenship from all full jews and prohibited jews from flying the german flag. This shows that the hitler law were intense and not easy for the jews but easy for the german people and hitler. Marriage was prohibited between 2 different races. Prohibited intermarriage between jews and aryan or any type of relationship.this shows that they didnt even have their own rights and have to follow someone elses rights. Prohibited jews from employing and limited work. Prohibited jews from employing german as domestic servants and limited type of work they were allowed to do. This explains that hitler was taking most of their rights by letting them only work on certain things which wouldnt really work for jews so maybe meant that hitler only wanted the best for his people and not for jews. Girls married a white pure german soldier and mainly its goal was to be householders and have babies. Their schools were really different that other school outside nazy germany because they have different curriculums and mostly was about how they should be loyal nazis. While women were householders and good mothers the guys were soldiers and together with the hitler youth they were going to build a strong nazi world and keep their race which was aryan/pure germans and destroy the jews. Hitler Youth - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 884 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Adolf Hitler Essay Did you like this example? After Adolf Hitlers rise to chancellor in 1933, Nazi Germany had over 1 million children in youth movements created to spread fascist ideology throughout younger generations. Hitler was obsessed about using the youth as a driving force in his political agendas. Hitler stated, I am beginning with the young. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hitler Youth" essay for you Create order We older ones are used uprotten to the marrow. We have no unrestrained instinct left. The youth groups that were arranged were highly controversial and influenced the lives of boys and girls in many ways. Lisa Pine, the author of Girls in Uniform, investigated the impact a specific youth group had on the lives of young girls living in Nazi Germany. Another author that explored the topic of Hitler youth groups was Gerhard Rempel, who wrote the monograph Hitlers Children: The Hitler Youth and the SS. These two authors had similar thoughts about several aspects of youth groups, however their opinions diverged on others. Lisa Pines article, Girls in Uniform, focused on the youth group Bund Deutscher Madel (BDM). Many young girls would run away from home and join youth groups in order to escape traditional roles expected of women. However, the traditional roles were traded for strict authority and intense structure with everyday life when they joined BDM. Pine investigated the impact of Nazi Germanys BDM on young women and what the constraints and advantages came with joining the BDM. Many simple freedoms were taken from the young girls in the BDM. For example, Pine writes, Special training manuals elaborated on physical training for girls illustrating sports activities and formation dances. No free or spontaneous sport was allowed. Any expression of individualistic movement that went against Nazi order was proscribed. Self-expression when a young girl is developing is highly important, so the BDM eliminating any individual thoughts or expressions is potentially harmful to her. An advantage of being part of a youth group would be to serve the country, and to be highly praised. Overall, Pine concluded that BDM did create a deep sense of Nationalism within young women, but she did not say if it was detrimental to the young women to be a part of something like this or not. However, the actions of the BDM were entirely for bettering the Nazi System as a whole. This is significant because the Nazi dictatorial regime was rooted into peoples lives and this created a way of life extremely different from the way people live their lives today, however, no one tried to terminate it back then. Another author that focused on youth groups during Hitlers reign was Gerhard Rempel. Rempel wrote about the multiple youth groups within Nazi Germany. He investigated what the role of the youth groups were in Germany and what influence the groups on Germany overall. In this analysis, he compares BDM to Boys and Girls Scouts in the United States. He writes, The HJ and BDM were more than a streamlined German version of Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts, decked out in knee-pants and brown shirts.1 This suggested that the BDM was not as intense and rigid as Pine lead the reader to believe in her article. The significance of Rempels argument shows how embellishments could have been made on all youth groups in Nazi Germany to make them seem terrible for preparing all children for combat, when few groups may have been not as extreme as youth groups like the OKW, who primarily focused on getting their children ready for war. Pine and Rempel had similar and contrasting thoughts when writing about Hitler youth. Some of the similarities that the two shared were that Hitler youth groups targeted an entire generation of people shortly after he rose to power. The people in this generation were stripped of individual expression and freedom, and only could base their decisions of what was best for the Nazi regime. However, Pine felt like young girls were more affected by the rigid structure the BDM contained, and the girls were taken advantage of. For example, womens sole purpose of child bearing was made clear to them, and that was the only reason that staying healthy and fit was their duty. Rempel did not pick a clear side, however he focused mainly on how the Nazi party rose to power through targeting the youth. This in return mainly pertained to men and how they were conditioned to be future leaders of the Nazi part. He states, Beginning as a movement of youth, the Nazi party after 1933 became all things to all men.1 After youth were targeted, this resulted in the spread of Nazi ideals throughout childrens homes, which could have influenced the rampant spread of fascism throughout the 1930s. After comparing and contrasting the views of both of these authors, the author that has the most convincing arguments for her opinion that Nazi youth groups impacted the country overall, as well as generation of young girls and women that joined the youth movement. Pine showed how women were viewed as being useful for procreation and took away any of their rights that made them a human being. Overall, the Hitler youth groups in Nazi Germany were not completely ethical to any gender. The groups stripped children of normal childhoods and used them for political matters and to gain momentum to spread beliefs of the Nazi Party.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Greek Gods and Goddess - 875 Words

The Greek Gods: Ancient vs. Modern Views According to ancient Greek mythology the Greek gods and goddesses had at one time lived the savage, brutal and ugly life of humans. Eventually, however, they managed to rise above this ancient fierceness to become the nineteen elder gods and goddesses the Greeks knew as The Titans, who ruled the earth in a primordial era before the Olympian gods overthrew them. The ancient Greeks of the first millennium before the Christian era believed that the ruler of the Titans was Cronus, who was rebelled against and ultimately dethroned by his own son Zeus. When faced with the choice between who to support, most of the Titan gods and goddesses decided to fight with Cronus against Zeus, and†¦show more content†¦The ancient Greeks firmly believed in the divinity and power of the Titans and Olympians. They worshipped these gods and goddesses, feared them, implored them for help, and considered them responsible for everything that happened on earth. Today, most of the people who ar e interested in Greek mythology and in the gods and goddesses of Olympus consider their interest purely scholarly. Other people who study Greek mythology do so for simple entertainment, or to satisfy their curiosity about the Olympian gods and goddesses, who were certainly colorful, vibrant, and interesting figures. The relationships of the gods and goddesses with one another, and their love affairs, disputes, triumphs, and tragedies are fascinating to some of us today, for they were all related, and always seemed to be intent upon some mischief or grand scheme that involved love, betrayal, or intrigue. In fact, life on Mount Olympus reminds many modern students of Greek mythology as one big soap opera, for despite their perceived divinity by the ancient Greeks, the gods and goddesses acted in very human ways, and displayed human emotions, flaws, and weaknesses. These characteristics are what scholars of today find so interesting about the Titans and Olympians, for the portraits o f the gods and goddesses of ancient Greece are in fact portraits of the ancient Greeks themselves. The society of the gods and goddessesShow MoreRelatedGreek and Roman Gods 1375 Words   |  6 Pagesheroes, gods and goddesses to explain natural events. (Leonard, â€Å"Mythology†). In mythology, most stories are connected and explain another myth, (Stapleton 42). According to the article â€Å"Roman Gods†, the twelve greatest gods and goddess of Rome were parallel to the twelve Olympian gods in Greek Mythology. Many of the Roman gods were believed to have been involved in founding Rome (â€Å"Roman gods†). The Greek god, Zeus was King and father of all the gods and the sky (â€Å"Principal Greek and Roman Gods†). Read MoreGreek Mythology And The Mythology1154 Words   |  5 Pagesthemes and lessons of Greek mythology have shaped art and literature for thousands of years. Later Greek writers and artists used and elaborated upon these sources in their own work. Did you know that in ancient Greece, stories about gods and goddesses and heroes and monsters were an important part of everyday life. They explained everything from rituals to the weather, and they gave meaning to the world people saw around them. Many consumer products get their names from Greek mythology. For exampleRead MoreAncient Greek And Ancient Roman Cities876 Words   |  4 Pages There are many similarities between Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman cities, mainly because Roman cities were highly influenced by the Greek. Roman culture reflects the Greek’s culture, their mythologies are closely related and s o are the characteristics of the architecture. From one grew the forms of the other and the result created were two beautiful cities with massive amounts of history. This paper will go over the three main areas in which Greeks influenced the Romans the most. The first beingRead MoreDivine intervention dealing with Greek myths, especially The Odyssey and The Iliad.1474 Words   |  6 Pagesintervention is a feature of ancient Greek literature. One is amazed and even dumbfounded by the magical myths so frequently referred to. In Greek literature, the gods play an immense role in the lives and fates of the mortal dwellers of the earth. As one examines the gods throughout the myths and epic poems of the Greeks, one recieves a strong impression that the gods play with and manipulate mortals and each other. One goddess who exemplifies this is the great goddess Athena. This daughter of Zeus impactedRead MoreGreek and Roman Mythological Figures1641 Words   |  7 PagesDonate a Paper View Cart / Checkout Greek and Roman Mythology Rate This Paper: 1 2 3 4 5 Ø ¥Ã˜ ±Ã˜ ³Ã˜ §Ã™â€ž Length: 2303 words (6.6 double-spaced pages) Rating: Red (FREE) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Missing Works Cited The ancient Greek and ancient Roman religion was the belief in gods. They had similar beliefs, but also immeasurable differences. It was composed of many meaningful gods and goddesses that all played a part in theRead MoreAncient Greece : A Civilization896 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Greece was a civilization that began during the archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries B.C. The Greeks were polytheistic in religion, worshipping the 12 Olympian gods and goddess. Zeus (Jupiter) was the chief god in charge, followed by his brother Poseidon (Neptune), and Hades (Pluto). Neptune and Pluto were then followed by Hestia (Vesta), Hera (Juno) who was both Jupiter’s sister and wife, Ares (Mars) who was the son of Jupiter and Juno, Athena (Minerva), Apollo, Aphrodite (Venus),Read MoreAncient History And Biography : A Week On The Concord And Merrimack Rivers1215 Words   |  5 Pagesexist at the time, humans came up with these stories. They created a set of gods and goddesses who they assigned unique personalities, traits and duties. They managed to c ome up with stories about love, affairs, jealousy and honor. Unlike other religions, the Greek managed to give these gods a lot of human traits. Although Greek mythology can sound ceaselessly entertaining and fictitious, it is in no way frivolous. Greek mythology was made not only for answers and entertainment, but to provide humansRead MoreCompare and Contrast Essay: Ancient Egypt and Greece812 Words   |  4 Pagesreligions that worshiped more than one god or goddess, this is called polytheism. Both the Ancient Egyptians and the Ancient Greeks practiced polytheism. For both ancient civilizations religion was an important part of daily life. Ancient Egyptians and Ancient Greeks had similar creation stories and worshipped similar gods and goddesses yet there beliefs were still very different Both the Ancient Egyptians worshipped many, many gods and goddesses. Each of these gods or goddesses was believed to haveRead MoreAncient Greek And Roman Religion Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesThe ancient Greek and Roman religion was the belief in God. They had similar views, but also some differences. It composed of many meaningful Gods and Goddesses that played the part in the everyday life of the average Roman and the Greek citizen. Before going into their beliefs and many strange legends, we must consider what kind of beings these divinities were. From history, there’s the first dynasty that consisted of the origin of the world, Uranus and Ge. The ancient Greeks had several theoriesRead MoreGreek Mythology : An Important Part Of Life Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesGreek mythology (the Greek version of storytelling) was an important part of life in ancient Greece. The gods and worship was also an important part of family life. Storytelling was how legends about the gods got passed on from generation to generation. The Greek people believed that all of the gods came from Gaia (the earth) and Uranos (the sky). They also believed that they argued, fell in love, and went to parties, just like an adult human. (Barrow, 2013) Greek mythology emphasized how nature

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Testing the Capital Asset Pricing Model free essay sample

Testing the Capital Asset Pricing Model And the Fama-French Three-Factor Model By Jiaxin Ling (Cindy) March 19, 2013 Key words: Asset Pricing, Statistical Methods, CAPM, Fama-French Three-Factor Model Abstract: This paper examines the Capital Asset Pricing Model(CAPM) and the Fama-French three-factor model(FF) and the Fama-MacBeth model(FM) for the 201211 CRSP database using monthly returns from 25 portfolios for 2 periods July 1931 to June 2012 and July 1631 to June 2012. The theory’s prediction is that the intercept should equal to zero the slope should be the excess return on the market portfolio. The findings of this study are not substantiating the theory’s claim for the fact that in some portfolios the alpha is statistically significant with non zero value and in some regression models, the slope is not statistically significant. 1. The BJS time-series test of the CAPM Black, Jensen and Scholes introduced a time series test of CAPM which is based on time series regression of the portfolio’s excess return on excess market return. [pic] (2) The intercept is known as Jensen’s alpha, which is a coefficient that is proportional to the excess return of a portfolio over its expected return, for its expected risk as measured by beta. Hence, alpha is determined by the fundamental values of the company in contrast to beta, which measures the return due to its volatility. If CAPM holds, by definition the intercept of all portfolios (Jensen’s alpha) are zero. Also note that, if the alpha is negative, then the portfolio underperforms the market. Table One presents the estimated alpha coefficients and the p values. Sample size for the regression is 972 for time period one and 588 for time period two respectively and period two is a sub period of period one. The following conclusions can be drawn from the table one and two available in appendix: 1) In period one, all estimated alphas are non zero ranging from -0. 53(portfolio 1) to 0. 57 (portfolio 5). Six out of twenty-five are negative which suggests that these portfolios cannot reach the expected return of market level. Twelve of twenty-five have p value smaller than 0. 05 which implies in those cases, it rejects the null hypothesis of zero alpha. The results of other thirteen portfolios confirm that the intercept is statistically insignificant upholding the CAPM theory that alpha is zero. 2) In period two, most of alphas are positive yet 5 out of 25 are negative, which indicates that they underperform the market. Besides, it is observed that the p value of alpha in fourteen portfolios is smaller than 0. 05 which implies that it rejects the null hypothesis of zero alpha. Similarly, the results of the intercepts of the remaining 11 portfolios show us that it cannot reject the hypothesis of zero alpha. Also in Table 1 and Table 2, interesting remarks can be derived from the following evidence based on the estimated beta coefficients and their p values: 1) In time period one, majority portfolios have beta larger than 1, which indicates that the return of those portfolios tends to be more volatile than the market level. All betas are statistically significant (p value less than 0. 05). In CAPM, it points out that higher systematic risk (beta) would lead to higher level of return. However, in this study, higher estimated beta portfolios are not associated with higher excess returns. Portfolio one for example, has the highest beta (1. 65) with -0. 53 excess return. In contrast, portfolio 13 has relatively lower beta (1. 17). But it produces a higher and positive excess return (0. 24). 2) In time period two, betas are statistically significant. Portfolio 4 has an estimated beta of the unit value which implies it has the same volatility as the market, other 17 having a superior to one, which therefore has a higher volatility than the market. Similarly, in this case, higher estimated beta is not necessarily correlated to higher excess return (which can be shown more clearly in the following plots). This evidence can be seen in portfolio 1 (with beta 1. 43 and alpha -0. 45) and portfolio 25 (with beta 1. 02 and alpha 0. 56). 3) One may observe that the data in period two is a sub period of period one and the beta is not stable over time for more portfolios have less than unit value beta in period two and some portfolios tend to be more volatile in the whole period (July 1931 to June 2012) but in sub period (July 1963 to June 2012) is less volatile than market level, take portfolio 24 as an example: its beta is 1. 4 in period one and in period two its beta is 0. 83. 2. The OLS cross-sectional test of the CAPM The CAPM states that the securities plot on the Security Market Line (SML) in equilibrium. We do cross-sectional test is to identify whether the above statement is true with our two data set and whether or not it rejects the hypothesis that the slope is zero. In the equation 3, the gamma 0 is the excess return on a zero beta portfolio and gamma 1 (the slope of the regression ) is the market portfolios average risk premium. [pic] (3) We perform the OLS cross-sectional test of equation (3) for both two periods. The results have shown in Table 3that gamma1 in time period 1 is positive (0. 55) and it is statistically significant for its p value is 0. 05, which implies that it rejects the null hypothesis of zero slope of the model. The gamma0 is also positive (0. 26) which suggests that the cross-sectional return of 25 sample portfolios during July 1931 to June 2012 outperformed the market level. In time period 2, gamma 0 is positive (1. 13) and gamma1 is negative (-0. 41) as shown in Table 4. In this case, the p value of gamma 1 is 0. 18, which indicates that it cannot reject the null hypothesis of zero gamma 1. Therefore, the model is interpreted as being false. The CAPM is rejected by the fact that the slope in period two is not statistically significant. We plot the values of Rj-Rf’s against betaj’s in both time periods. The Fig. 1 demonstrates the excess return of 25 portfolios in period one and their beta accordingly. These two curves are both wave-like pattern but not exactly follow the same movement. As discussed in previous section, higher stimated beta is not always necessarily correlated to higher excess return. These graphs are more vivid to illustrate this point. Majority portfolios follows the rule that higher beta is linked to bigger excess return. But special cases may be seen as portfolio one, six etc. Similarly, in Fig. 2 which is for period two, most of the 25 portfolios obey the rule that higher risk more return. But portfolio one seems to be an extreme case as well as it has the highest beta among the 25 portfolios with the lowest excess return (discussed in previous beta section). Also in portfolio six, it generates second highest beta (1. 4) but the excess return (-0. 20, portfolio 6) falls behind portfolio five (0. 61), which has much smaller beta (1. 08). 3 The time-series test of the Fama-French three-factor model [pic] (7) Table 5 presents basic statistics of the FF factors. We perform this test is to identify whether alpha is zero in each portfolio in equation 6. It is observed that these alphas ranges from -0. 87(portfolio 1) to 0. 09(portfolio 14). 12 out of 25 alphas are positive, but none of them exceed the value of 0. 1. Seven alphas are statistically significant with their absolute value of t statistics bigger than 1. 96. As a result, in these seven portfolios, it rejects the null hypothesis of zero alpha. Other eighteen ones cannot reject the zero alpha hypothesis. In time period two, the estimated alphas fall inside the limits between -0. 52(portfolio1) and 0. 18(portfolio 21) which seems to have narrower range comparing to period one in Table 6. Twelve out of twenty-five portfolios have negative alpha. Also in seven portfolios, each alpha is statistically significant and the null hypothesis of zero alpha is rejected. Interestingly, the seven portfolios in period one, which reject zero alpha hypothesis, are not the same as in period two (which is a sub period of period one). This result may show that the performance of these portfolios is not stable for the time being between July 1931 and June 2012. Besides, three zero alpha hypotheses of FF models remain rejected in both two periods (and they are portfolio 1, 6 and 21). 4 The OLS cross-sectional test of the Fama-French three-factor model. [pic] (8) The cross-sectional test of the FF three-model parallels the cross-sectional test of the CAPM. We mainly examine whether the intercept and the slope coefficients are equal to zero. In time period one, the results of gamma 0, gamma 1, gamma 2 and gamma 3 are 1. 98(t statistics 6. 04), -1. 25(t statistics-3. 96), 0. 19(t statistics 4. 01) and 0. 41(t statistics 6. 23) respectively. The null hypothesis of zero intercept can be rejected. And all estimated coefficients can be regarded as statistically significant. In the sub period (period two), the gammas are 1. 17, -0. 69, 0. 19 and 0. 41 respectively. The zero intercept is still rejected and this result is consistent with period one. Apart from gamma 1 with t statistics -1. 64, other coefficients are also statistically significant. It cannot reject zero gamma hypothesis. 5 The Fama-MacBeth(FM) month-by-month test of the CAPM in the July 1931 to June 2012 period [pic] (4b) The CAPM states that securities’ expected excess return and betas plot on the same line that passes through the origin. And it is also known that any unit-weight portfolio also plots on this line. It follows that a zero-weight portfolio’s expected return and beta would plot on a certain line too. In equation 4b, the gamma 0t is interpreted as the excess return on a zero-beta portfolio and the gamma 1t is a zero-weight portfolio return on the market in excess of the zero-beta rate. Since beta jt equals to beta j, the average of the gamma 0(0. 26) and gamma 1(0. 55) in our data set are equal to the results estimated from equation 3 in previous part. The estimated gamma 0 ranges from -102. 20 to 44. 08 and 546 out of 972 are positive. Among these 972 portfolios, 415 gamma 0 are shown statistically significant with their absolute values of t statistics larger than 1. 96, which indicates that the hypothesis of zero intercept of the FM model is rejected. That is to say, almost 43% of monthly return in this time series data set rejects the null hypothesis. 47. 5% of the estimated gamma 1 is positive. The minimum estimated gamma 1 is -35. 46 in the 20th month and it produces some what much bigger estimated value (127. 94) in the 23rd month. There are 499 gamma 1 out of 972 months are statistically significant. In these 499 portfolios, it rejects zero gamma hypothesis. Conclusion The CAPM null hypothesis of zero alpha is not always true in our findings. It is also shown that in real financial world, higher estimated beta portfolios are not always associated with higher excess returns. It happens that lower beta would generate higher return. Note that beta is also not stable through periods of time. Besides, in one of our FF model, the CAPM is rejected because the slope is not statistically significant in one sub period(period two) but different result is drawn in a longer time period(period one).

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Uniforms Essays - Uniforms, Childrens Clothing, Education Economics

Uniforms Outline Thesis: School uniforms should be required in public schools because their use would lead to higher education, less violence, and lower cost to parents. I. Education A. Discipline toward learning 1. Less distractions 2. Less stress B. Better Grades 1. Attendance 2. Focus II. Violence A. Less hostility 1. Less peer pressure 2. Everybody's equal B. Weapons 1. Harder to conceal 2. Less will try to conceal III. Cost A. More affordable 1. Fewer clothes to buy 2. Competition with peers B. Help for low-income 1. Clothing vouchers 2. Business donations 3. Thrift stores School uniforms in public schools are becoming increasingly popular across the nation. The public school system would benefit greatly if this policy were to be adopted. Opposition is always a factor when trying to make changes. Taking all things into consideration, the positive effects would be far greater than the negative effects. School uniforms should be required in public schools because their use would lead to higher education, less violence, and lower cost to parents. By requiring school uniforms in public schools, education will be improved. A dress code will enforce discipline toward learning. Uniforms improve a person's outlook toward success. Students generally act the way they are dressed. With fewer distractions, students see the school as a workplace for teaching and learning. Students also have less stress in their lives because they are not in a fashion competition. Dress codes also lead to a change in grades. Mainly this happens because the student's attendance comes up. There is also a change in grades because it is easier to focus when everyone looks alike. Another reason school uniforms should be required in public schools is that it causes less violence. There will be less peer pressure toward competition to distract the students from their studies. Everyone will be equal if the uniforms were to be required. The weapons factor will be cut down drastically by mandatory uniforms. The reason for this violence decrease is that weapons will be harder to conceal. If the weapons are harder to conceal, there will be less attempts to hide the weapons and fewer will be brought to our school or school functions. This brings about a change for the better, because it reduces social classes. Cost is another reason that school uniforms should be required in public schools. Critics complain that this policy is too costly; uniforms are actually more affordable. There are fewer clothes to buy because everyone will be dressed in similar clothing. There is no competition between peers to outdo each other. There are also ways to help low-income families with the cost. With community support for low-income families, in the form of donations, clothing vouchers, and support from the business partners of the communities, this problem can be overcome. The great number of thrift stores and uniform supply houses also reduce the cost for the clothing. These things combined can make it far less costly to purchase standard clothing than to meet the demand for designer clothing worn now. Chosen by each school, uniforms can provide students with a school identity. It can also strengthen school and individual spirit and pride. This is achieved in much the same way as an athletic team uniform builds team unity. The joining together by all students will also raise the morale and self-esteem of students. Students that are together in one mind lead to a school that is united. There are a lot of things to consider when making your decisions on how you feel about mandatory school uniforms. No one should jump to any conclusions without being fully informed. After gathering information on the pros and cons of the issue, then each person should think long and hard on the benefits of wearing school uniforms. These benefits far outweigh the disadvantages for the well to do and low-income alike. Social Issues